Space Doctrine

Kolob

 * God lives on a planet that is "a globe like a sea of glass and fire" (D&C 130:7). A "very great star" named Kolob is the closest star to him (Abraham 3:2-4).
 * Our Sun "borrow[s] its light from Kolob through the medium of Kae-e-vanrash, which is the grand Key, or, in other words, the governing power, which governs fifteen other fixed planets or stars...receiving light from the revolutions of Kolob" (Facsimile No. 2, Figure 5).
 * Before Adam's transgression in the Garden of Eden the Earth was near Kolob. When the Fall occurred the Earth moved from Kolob to our solar system. One day the Earth will return to Kolob.

The Earth and Its Solar System

 * The Earth "will be made like unto crystal" and will be a seer stone and "all things pertaining to...kingdoms of a lower order will be manifest to those who dwell on it" (D&C 130:9).
 * Shinehah is the name for our Sun and Olea is the name for our Moon (Abraham 3:13).
 * There are "an infinite number of earths."
 * The "spirit world...is upon this earth" and the spirits that reside there do not leave the earth and are invisible to our natural eyes. Note that since all who have passed on and have not been resurrected are in the spirit world there must be billions of spirits among us.
 * The Earth has existed for 7,000 years (D&C 77:6).

Extraterrestrials

 * There are humans on many other worlds that look just like us. And "through revelation from God who...is our contact from outer space...[we know that] Earth has been receiving visitors from outer space for years, and these visitors have been leaving highly intelligent messages for our benefit."
 * Joseph Smith "clearly reveals his knowledge that the inhabitants of the other worlds described, “Are sav’d by the very same Saviour of ours."

Time

 * God's orbit takes 1,000 years in Earth's time and so a day to him is 1,000 years to us (Abraham 3:4).
 * While living in the Garden of Eden Adam and Eve were subject to Kolob Time (Abraham 5:13).

Materials

 * "All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure" and "we cannot see it [until] our bodies are purified" (D&C 131:7-8).
 * "Light is the cause and the power by which everything is governed."
 * The Lord "cursed the waters" and "the days will come that no flesh shall be safe upon the waters." A caution is given not to journey on the waters since Satan "rideth upon the face thereof" (D&C 61:14-15,18-19). Mormon missionaries are not permitted to swim.
 * Brigham Young taught in General Conference that "Gold and silver grow, and so does every other kind of metal, the same as the hair upon my head, or the wheat in the field."

Biology

 * After Adam and Eve partook of the forbidden fruit "God placed cherubim and a flaming sword on the east of the garden of Eden" to prevent them from partaking of the fruit. Had they partaken of the fruit again they would have lived forever (Alma 12:21,23).
 * Spirit bodies have no blood. Mortal bodies do. Adam and the other creatures in the Garden of Eden had no blood in their veins before the fall. When Adam transgressed his body became quickened by blood and he was therefore mortal. Had there been "no blood in his body...he could have remained there forever."
 * Our spirit bodies look the same as our physical bodies, even before birth. In the Book of Mormon Christ appeared to the Brother of Jared in a spirit body that looked the same as his future body would look thousands of years later when he was born. (Ether 3:15-17).
 * When Native Americans become Mormon their skin turns white. Spencer W. Kimball taught in a 1960 general conference address that "they are now becoming white and delightsome...children in the home placement program in Utah are often lighter than their brothers and sisters...on the reservation."

Recommended Reading

 * Mormon Science and Space Doctrines - includes many of the items above along with several others (not always carefully sourced)
 * Kolob (Wikipedia article)